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Managerial economics is the "application of the economic concepts and economic analysis to the problems of formulating rational managerial decisions".〔W. B. Allen, , 2009. Managerial Economics Theory, Applications, and Cases, 7th Edition. Norton. (Contents ).〕 It is sometimes referred to as business economics and is a branch of economics that applies microeconomic analysis to decision methods of businesses or other management units. As such, it bridges economic theory and economics in practice.〔• William J. Baumol (1961). "What Can Economic Theory Contribute to Managerial Economics?," ''American Economic Review'', 51(2), pp. (142 )-46. (Abstract ). • Ivan Png and Dale Lehman (2007, 3rd ed.). ''Managerial Economics''. Wiley. (Description ) and chapter-preview (links. ) • M. L. Trivedi (2002). ''Managerial Economics: Theory & Applications'', 2nd ed., Tata McGraw-Hill. Chapter-preview (links ).〕 It draws heavily from quantitative techniques such as regression analysis, correlation and calculus.〔NA (2009). "managerial economics," ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. ( Cached online entry. )〕 If there is a unifying theme that runs through most of managerial economics, it is the attempt to optimize business decisions given the firm's objectives and given constraints imposed by scarcity, for example through the use of operations research, mathematical programming, game theory for strategic decisions,〔• Carl Shapiro (1989). "The Theory of Business Strategy," ''RAND Journal of Economics'', 20(1), pp. (125 )-137. • Thomas J. Webster (2003). ''Managerial Economics: Theory and Practice'', ch. (13 & 14 ), Academic Press. (Description. )〕 and other computational methods.〔For a journal on the last subject, see ''Computational Economics'', including an Aims & Scope (link ).〕 Managerial decision areas include: * assessment of investible funds * selecting business area * choice of product * determining optimum output * sales promotion. Almost any business decision can be analyzed with managerial economics techniques, but it is most commonly applied to: * ''Risk analysis'' - various models are used to quantify risk and asymmetric information and to employ them in decision rules to manage risk.〔• James O. Berger (2008)."statistical decision theory," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract ). • Keisuke Hirano (2008). "decision theory in econometrics," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract ). • Vassilis A. Hajivassiliou (2008). "computational methods in econometrics," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 *''Production analysis'' - microeconomic techniques are used to analyze production efficiency, optimum factor allocation, costs, economies of scale and to estimate the firm's cost function. *''Pricing analysis'' - microeconomic techniques are used to analyze various pricing decisions including transfer pricing, joint product pricing, price discrimination, price elasticity estimations, and choosing the optimum pricing method. *''Capital budgeting'' - Investment theory is used to examine a firm's capital purchasing decisions.〔• Trefor Jones (2004). ''Business Economics and Managerial Decision Making'', Wiley. (Description ) and chapter-preview (links ). • Nick Wilkinson (2005). ''Managerial Economics: A Problem-Solving Approach'', Cambridge University Press. (Description ) and (preview. ) • Maria Moschandreas (2000). ''Business Economics'', 2nd Edition, Thompson Learning. (Description ) and chapter-preview (links ).〕 At universities, the subject is taught primarily to advanced undergraduates and graduate business schools. It is approached as an integration subject. That is, it integrates many concepts from a wide variety of prerequisite courses. In many countries it is possible to read for a degree in Business Economics which often covers managerial economics, financial economics, game theory, business forecasting and industrial economics. == Scope == Managerial economics to a certain degree is prescriptive in nature as it suggests course of action to a managerial problem. Problems can be related to various departments in a firm like production, accounts, sales, etc. # Demand decision. # Production decision. # Theory of exchange or price theory. # All human economic activity 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「managerial economics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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